AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and provide information and other support for pilots. In some countries, ATC plays a security or defensive role, or is operated by the military.

To prevent collisions, ATC enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of empty space around it at all times. Many aircraft also have collision avoidance systems, which provide additional safety by warning pilots when other aircraft get too close.

In many countries, ATC provides services to all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating within its airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to obey, or advisories (known as flight information in some countries) that pilots may, at their discretion, disregard. Generally the pilot in command is the final authority for the safe operation of the aircraft and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft.

Five objective of ATS dalam ICAO dokumen ANNEX 11 tentang Air Traffic Service :

1.  Prevent collisions between aircraft;

2. Prevent collisions between aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area;

3. Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic;

4. Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights;

5. Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.

Work Chart Air Traffic Control System

The function and role of Air Traffic Controller 

Task wizard Air Traffic (ATC / Air Traffic Controller) that are listed in Annex 2 (Rules of the Air) and Annex 11 (Air Traffic Services) 1944 Chicago Convention is to prevent collisions between aircraft, aircraft collision with a barrier to prevent flight, set the current air traffic safely, quickly and regularly to the aircraft, either in the ground or in flight / flashed using a predetermined path. 

To carry out the tasks required of an officer in the regulation of ATC air traffic flow that starts from the plane did contact (communication) was first up with the aircraft landing (landing) at the destination airport. 

Besides the necessary support infrastructure, facilities and devices in accordance with the regulations issued by the provisions of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) International Civil Aviation Organization, which from day to day continue to be an amendment in accordance with the development of air traffic flow and technology

In the aviation world that is absolutely necessary is fasalitas communications facility, which is divided into two groups, namely: 

1. Equipment Communication Between Stations Flight (Aeronautical Fixed Services / AFS) 

2. Traffic Communication Equipment Flight (Aeronautical Mobile Services / AMS

Equipment Communication Between Stations Flight (Aeronautical Fixed Services / AFS) 

- Automatic Message Switching Centre (AMSC) 

Means teleprinter communications between ATS units (point to point) using a satellite transmission system (VSAT), which serves news controller. 

- Teleprinter Machine 

Communications equipment used to send and receive news flying in the form of the written word, where pealatan are connected to a network that spans the globe, defined by ICAO (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network / AFTN) 

- HF SSB Transceiver 

Communications equipment used to exchange news flying through the sound (for coordination between ATS units / Air Traffic Services), in the form of single Side Band

- Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) 

Transmission facilities in which the transmitter and receiver at different frequencies so that communication can take place using a full duplex satellite media.

- Radio Link 

A transmitter and receivers with different frequencies so that communication can take place in full duplex. In a transmission system with Radio Link, preliminary data changed by an interface / modem then modulated by the receiver to the transmitter and otherwise processed.

-Direct Speech 

System in the ATN used to replace AFTN (a structure of relationships worldwide communications network set bedasarkan ICAO (Annex 10, Volume II), where the news is written (printed) stored and distributed using the procedure-oriented character) in conducting exchange flight news 

- ATS Message Handling System (AHMS) 

Communications equipment used to send and receive news flying in the form of the written word, where pealatan are connected to a network that spans the globe, defined by ICAO (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network / AFTN) 

- ATN System (Ground-Ground) 

A global network that provides digital communications for automation systems including Air Traffic Services Communications (ATSC), Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC), Aeronautical Administrative Communications (AAC) and Aeronautical Passenger Communications (APC). 

- HF Data Link

For surface-to-air communication, used in oceanic areas and air space with little traffic.The combination of the use of HF Data Link with AMSC will increase the availability (due to dual redundant).

Traffic Communication Equipment Flight (AMS) 

Traffic Communications Flight, namely mutual communication between the aircraft by ATS units on land. The equipment used is: 

- High Frequency Air / Ground Communications (HF A / G) 

Equipment transceiver (transmitter and receiver) are used untyuk communication between the pilot (airplane) with ATS units (FSS, FIC) in the form of voice work on HF frequencies.With the aim to serve a particular area which is divided into 2 (two) regions, namely: 

1. RDARA (Regional and Domestic Air Route Area). For domestic flight service, using the transmitter of 1 kW or smaller.

2. MWARA (Major World Air Route Area), for the International flight service, with the use of 3-5 KW transmitter. 

- VHR A / G (AFIS, ADC, APP) 

Equipment transceiver (transmitter and receiver) are used for communication between the pilot (airplane) with the air traffic control (ATS units) in the form of voice work on VHF frequencies.

Aircraft communication flow with traffic control

- VHF-ER (ACC) 

To meet the needs of the ACC service area of ​​responsibility has a very wide, then at some point mounted equipment VHF-Extended Range (VHF-ER). Transmitter and receiver VHF antenna mast placed very high in the mountains or in the upland areas.Furthermore, a radio station built for the placement of equipment in question, so that it can reach a very wide area as needed. 

- ATIS 

Facilities at airports that broadcast (continuously broadcast) important information such as the weather, the R / W in use and the terminal area. Dibroadcast recording information on an ongoing basis (30 minutes or so in upgrades) it helps to improve efficiency and reduce the workload of the ATC with repetitive transmission for important information on a regular basis. 

- VSCs 

Organizing all communication related tasks using the ATC simulation button on the touch screen.  

- Recorder 

Recording device which is connected with all existing communication devices, so that the cost control process carried out by officers LLU there is always evidence if one is needed.

- VHF Data Link 

Or called VDL, using Bit oriented protocol and wear the OSI reference model (Open Systems Interconnection), designed as a subnetwork and ATN for digital communications needs of Air Traffic Aeronautica to servce / ATS and Airline Operation Centre / AOC 

- Mode S Format S mode is available 24 bits to express the address of the user. Means the combination of 24 bits can serve 16,777,216 users. Which is expected to provide a system for terminal area surveillance and continental air space is very dense.  

- ATN System 

 Is a global network that provides digital communication to meet the telecommunications needs of the growing air traffic communications services, flight operations control and flight administration communication.

Implementation sensor at traffic light

Using Light Dependent Resistor as congestion detection sensors. The design of this tool is used to reduce traffic congestion and to reduce the number of traffic accidents. This model consists of nine pieces as simulato LED traffic lights, cable parallel port as a link between the computer and the circuit. A computer with Delphi 7.0 programming language as timing lights at a traffic light. 
  
This tool works if both Light Dependet Resistor sensors on one flow path is closed 
(Loss) then the sensor will send a signal to the traffic light lamps, so the green light on that road congestion occurs for longer than a second road that does not happen jammed. Both roads are not jammed the red lights to adjust the green light on the road there are traffic jams.

During the traffic light timing flame made permanent and can not be changed at any time.In this case the flame traffic light can be varied, as well as provisions have been made with the lights of time using a computer. Time flame in accordance with the conditions of the number of vehicles passing a point on the control computer room.

The computer control is used to adjust the flame so that the traffic light can be varied depending on the number of vehicles passing by. If at the time the light to traffic light vehicle running normally but the frequency the more the researchers placed a series of LDR on one of the road which is useful for detecting the presence of a traffic jam. 
LDR here serves as a receiver, and a LED light that serves as a focal senders transmit beam is then received by the LDR circuit as a receiver. 

Therefore, the authors tried to make a system composed of devices
hardware and software for controlling traffic lights at the crossroads. In this application, use a timer to set the ignition in accordance with the provisions of the traffic light, then the programs are linked by a traffic light control system using a parallel port interface, or commonly called a printer port on a computer.

In making this thesis project there are some things that are restricted, namely: a. Connecting antaramuka computer and control system circuit using parallel port (printer port). b. Connecting with the LDR circuit voltage out of the circuit 5V power supply. c. The traffic light system is made in the form of the model by using LED lights. d. Ignition lights consist of a traffic light intersection and the intersection of two of three to ignite light traffic light opposite clockwise. e. LDR is used to detect the presence of traffic density causes traffic congestion. f. LEDs are used as the focus of the sender (transmitter) that transmit light received by the LDR as a receiver (Receiver). g. Borland Delphi 0.7 is used as the timing / timer on the traffic light.